With Pompey dead, Caesar’s victory was all but secured. Pompey fled to Egypt in the wake of the defeat, only to be double-crossed and executed by its young king. A crucial turning point came at 48 B.C.’s Battle of Pharsalus, when Caesar outfoxed a Pompey-led army despite having far fewer troops. Over the next several months, Caesar’s supporters crossed swords with Pompey’s forces in battles across Italy, Spain, Greece and North Africa. Vowing, “The die is cast,” he rallied his men, crossed the Rubicon into Italy and ignited a civil war. Even more pressing was the Pompey-aligned factions of the Roman Senate, which demanded that he disband his army and return home as a civilian. The great general was fresh off a stunning military campaign in Gaul, but his longtime alliance with Pompey the Great had turned into a bitter rivalry.
In 49 B.C., Julius Caesar found himself at a crossroads. The death of Caesar (Credit: Leemage/UIG via Getty Images)
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